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13 terms concerning relaying, measurements, and breakers used by protection...
It’s not unusual to see graduates and engineers from other disciplines experience difficulties in properly interpreting the terminology used in applying relays, analyzing their performance, and...
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Guide to erection and commissioning of MV/HV switchgears (Inspection,...
Erection and commissioning of MV/HV switchgear are quite complex and full of tiny little details that can easily make your project slow down or even stop. Not to mention deadlines... Read more The...
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Testing and commissioning of MV/HV switchgears (wiring, final inspection and...
This article continues the series of articles dedicated to erection, testing and commissioning of MV/HV switchgears by describing the most important precautions and recommendations in various...
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Troubleshooting the most typical winding problems of three phase electric motors
It’s always important to identify the real cause of burned windings and not just to replace the electric motor. Motor windings have a different appearance in all these failure situations:... Read more...
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How to measure power quality? What devices should you use and what to measure?
Measuring power quality and finding a bugbear in the network which is messing with the power are considered a highly paid job. Every electrical network and its problems with harmonics, transients, or...
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Learn how to read and analyze control circuits of MV gas insulated switchgear...
Previously, an introductory part of the GIS and its components were discussed to pave the way for the GIS control circuits. Moreover, the single-line diagram example for a double-bus and a single...
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Recommendations for the successful erection of medium voltage switchgear
Electrical engineers working on project execution know that switchgear erection brings many challenges, no matter the voltage level. The switchgear cannot always be assembled in the factory and...
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Functional testing of IEC 61850 based Substation Automation Systems
Testing the protection element settings of IEDs and protection schemes are well established practices when testing a Protection, Automation and Control (PAC) system. Tools and methods are available to...
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Troubleshooting Buchholz relay and recommended actions when it operates
This technical article provides guidance on the possible causes of Buchholz relay operation and recommends actions following the receipt of a Buchholz surge trip or gas collection alarm. It covers......
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My worst experience in testing and commissioning power transformers (and how...
Reliable and secure electric power delivery is dependent on power transformers’ reliability that is enhanced significantly by sound test plans. These test plans shall be prepared by both manufacturers...
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Comprehensive Guide to Secondary Injection Testing of the Current...
Welcome to the second part of our three-part series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In Part 1, we explored the fundamental principles of CT operation, the importance......
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Choosing between AIS and GIS substation design: Factors you MUST take into...
For the last sixty years, gas-insulated substation (GIS) has been used in applications related to substations all over the world, and this use of the technology is becoming an increasingly... Read...
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A detailed checklist for the installation and commissioning of Gas-Insulated...
Gas-insulated substations (GIS) are critical components of modern electrical power systems, providing efficient and compact solutions for the transmission and distribution of electricity. These...
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Never underestimate how important it is to choose the right CT size in fault...
In the realm of electrical power systems, current transformers (CTs) play a vital role in accurately measuring and monitoring current levels. Proper sizing of CTs is essential to ensure their... Read...
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Field secrets and warnings in power transformer mechanical check and visual...
Let’s discuss the visual and mechanical inspection procedures for oil-filled power transformers. It’s important, very important to examine a variety of key checkpoints, both external and internal to...
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Mastering stability test of power transformer: Differential and Restricted...
This technical article discusses the essentials of transformer differential protection and restricted earth fault protection schemes, contrasting the two and elaborating on why the latter is...
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A comprehensive guide to voltage transformer (VT) circuit supervision techniques
Voltage transformer supervision, often referred to as VT fuse fail supervision relay, plays a pivotal role in safeguarding electrical systems. Its primary objective is to detect any potential failure...
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Mastering Interlock Logic and Schemes for a Gas-Insulated Substation (132 kV...
As we delve deeper into this article, we will explore the various types of interlocking mechanisms used for Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS), their applications in substations, power plants, and...
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Insulation tests on electric motors and generators: DC High Potential Testing...
The objective of this technical article is to provide certain criteria and time intervals for conducting insulation tests on electric motors, generators and other electrical equipment. Testing is done...
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Prepare yourself for successful inspection and testing of MV metal-clad...
This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the essential inspection and testing processes, emphasizing their importance in the effective functioning of medium-voltage switchgear. The...
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